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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Tayyaba BiBi; Taj Muhammad Khan;

    A large volume of antibiotics is used in fish farms to treat diseases because the farmed fish are fully affected by diseases and parasites in the aquaculture and particularly in the ocean environment where disease pathogens multiply quickly. The frequent use of these antibiotics in aquaculture has resulted in animal; stress, infection, and their dissemination in the form of antibiotic resistant genes to other bacteria including human and animal pathogens. The problems arising with antibiotics can be overcome by using silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) due to their physiochemical properties and low toxicity. So AgNPs could be combined with antibiotics to induce infections in fish cell lines and to protect dissemination of antibiotics in the form of antibiotics resistant genes. We expose AgNPs on fish cell lines as a new nano-antibacterial agent to investigate and obtain findings in terms of the cell viability and toxicity. The experimental data is analyzed to examine the antibacterial effects of nanosilver as a replacement agent and discuss the complex scenario, drawbacks, techniques, methods, main mechanisms, and procedures to perform antibacterial tests of exposed AgNPs. There would be an attempt to deal with the AgNPs antibacterial therapies for the fish cell lines.

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    Toxicology Research and Application
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    Toxicology Research and Application
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Toxicology Research ...arrow_drop_down
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      Toxicology Research and Application
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      Toxicology Research and Application
      Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Abhijnan Bhat; Tony O Hara; Furong Tian; Baljit Singh;

    Arsenic occurs in the natural environment in four oxidation states: As(V), As(III), As(0) and As(−III). The behavior of arsenic species changes depending on the biotic or abiotic conditions in water. In groundwater, arsenic is predominantly present as As(III) and As(V), with a minor amount of methyl and dimethyl arsenic compounds being reported. Global intake of As(III) and As(V) via drinking water and food has dramatically increased in recent years. The commonly used term inorganic arsenic includes both As(III) and As(V) species and constitutes the highest toxicological risk associated with arsenic in water compared to the organic arsenic species. Inorganic arsenic is a confirmed carcinogen and the World Health Organization (WHO) has published a guideline value for arsenic in their ‘Guidelines for drinking water quality’ and is on the WHO list of 10 chemicals of major public health concern. Presently, approximately, 230 million people worldwide are affected by arsenic toxicity. Chronic arsenic toxicity affects multiple physiological systems and can cause serious health issues (e.g. arsenicosis, cancer etc.) leading to death. To combat arsenic pollution, the WHO and United States Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA) have set concentration limits for arsenic in drinking water. The WHO, US-EPA and European Union (EU) have set the maximum limit of arsenic in drinking water at 10 ppb. To meet the required limit, it is essential that rapid, reliable, sensitive and cost-effective analytical detection systems be developed and put into use. Different determination methods of inorganic arsenic have been developed over the last 5–6 decades. This review provides an overview of around 170 research articles and relevant literature, mainly regarding the existing methods for analysis of As(III) and As(V) in water. Chromatographic, spectroscopic, colorimetric, biological (whole cell biosensors (WCB) and aptasensors), electroanalytical and coupled techniques are discussed. For those who are at the early stage of their research career in this field, the basic introduction and necessary concepts for various techniques is discussed followed by an evaluation of their performance towards arsenic determination. Current challenges as well as potential avenues for future research, including the demands for enhanced analytical performance, rapid analysis and on-site technologies for remote water analysis and environmental applications are discussed. We believe that this review will be beneficial, a source of information, and enhance awareness and appreciation of the role of these advanced analytical techniques in informing and protecting our environment and water resources, globally. Environmental signicance Global intake of arsenic via drinking water is a major environmental concern: As(III)/As(V) species constitutes the highest toxicological-risk. To combat arsenic pollution and associated toxicity, WHO and EPA have regulations, guidelines and introduced directives for arsenic concentration limits in drinking water. The existing laboratory-based methods are suitable for arsenic analysis but are time-consuming, expensive and require skilled analysts and extensive sample preparation. Rapid, cost-effective and reliable portable techniques and on-site sensor-based methods are the emerging needs. This review provides an overview of various analytical techniques for arsenic detection and determination in water, and will enhance awareness of their role in informing and protecting our environment and water resources, globally. 1. Introduction Water covers more than 70% of our planet's surface. Because life on Earth began in water, it is not surprising that all living organisms on our blue planet require water. Water is in fact the most valuable environmental natural resource, vital to global need, a transport corridor and a climate regulator. Global intake a MiCRA Biodiagnostics Technology Gateway, Technological University Dublin (TU Dublin), Dublin 24, D24 FKT9, Ireland. E-mail: Baljit.Singh@tudublin.ie; Tel: +353 1 220 7863 b Centre of Applied Science for Health, Technological University Dublin (TU Dublin), Dublin 24, D24 FKT9, Ireland c School of Food Science & Environmental Health, Technological University Dublin (TU Dublin), Grangegorman, Dublin 7, D07 H6K8, Ireland d Pesticide Registration Division, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston Laboratory Campus, Celbridge, County Kildare W23 VW2C, Ireland Cite this: Environ. Sci.: Adv., 2023, 2, 171 Received 8th September 2022 Accepted 4th November 2022 DOI: 10.1039/d2va00218c rsc.li/esadvances © 2023 The Author(s). Published by the Royal Society of Chemistry Environ. Sci.: Adv., 2023, 2, 171–195 | 171 Environmental Science Advances TUTORIAL REVIEW Open Access Article. Published on 07 November 2022. Downloaded on 3/1/2023 9:48:16 AM. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported Licence. View Article Online.

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    Environmental Science Advances
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Arrow@TU Dublin
    Article . 2022
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      Environmental Science Advances
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Article . 2022
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    Authors: Evanthia Tsoukou; Paula Bourke; Daniela Boehm;

    In the field of new decontaminants, there is an increasing consensus that improved disinfection of environmental surfaces is needed in patient care facilities as an important component in the overall strategy for prevention of HAI. The interaction of cold atmospheric plasma, i.e. an ionized gas, with liquids results in complex physical and chemical processes, which offer a source of short-lived and long-lived reactive chemical species that are critical for microbial inactivation. These solutions may fulfil the urgent need for new decontaminant solutions for special purposes such as disinfection of surfaces, or use as an antiseptic for body surfaces. In this study, we explored the bactericidal effects of plasma activated liquids (PALs) on E.coli and S. aureus strains and investigated factors which influence PALs stability over time. Liquids of interest were non-complex solutions such as water and saline. An atmospheric cold plasma system using air was employed for the generation of PALs. The solutions were compared with respect to their content of long-lived reactive chemical species and bactericidal effects. Our results documented that PALs may carry different concentrations of chemical species and maintain diverse antimicrobial properties. The bactericidal activity of these solutions demonstrated high thermal stability and could be preserved over a 6 month period through specific sub-ambient storage conditions. Investigation of the inactivation processes in relation to the PALs’ chemical composition will enhance our knowledge on how prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells respond to these, and demonstrate how PALs could be a promising treatment method for future applications, with chemical and antimicrobial stability.

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    Access Microbiology
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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      Access Microbiology
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    Authors: N.N. Misra; S.K. Pankaj; Tony Walsh; Finbarr O’Regan; +2 Authors

    In-package nonthermal plasma (NTP) technology is a novel technology for the decontamination of foods and biological materials. This study presents the first report on the potential of the technology for the degradation of pesticide residues on fresh produce. A cocktail of pesticides, namely azoxystrobin, cyprodinil, fludioxonil and pyriproxyfen was tested on strawberries. The concentrations of these pesticides were monitored in priori and post-plasma treatment using GC-MS/MS. An applied voltage and time dependent degradation of the pesticides was observed for treatment voltages of 60, 70 and 80 kV and treatment durations ranging from 1 to 5 min, followed by 24h in-pack storage. The electrical characterisation revealed the operation of the discharge in a stable filamentary regime. The discharge was found to generate reactive oxygen and excited nitrogen species as observed by optical emission spectroscopy.

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    Arrow@TU Dublin
    Article . 2014
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    Journal of Hazardous Materials
    Article . 2014 . Peer-reviewed
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      Arrow@TU Dublin
      Article . 2014
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Journal of Hazardous Materials
      Article . 2014 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Kiddy N. Aulia; Fakultas Ilmu dan Teknologi Kebumian-Institut Teknologi Bandung; Benyamin Sapiie;

    Cekungan Sumatra Selatan merupakan cekungan yang memiliki batuan dasar terekahkan penghasil gas yang cukup berhasil. Batuan dasar di Blok Jabung Sub-Cekungan Jambi memiliki potensi untuk menjadi reservoir pada batuan dasar terekahkan. Saat mengidentifikasi reservoir batuan dasar terekahkan, harus dilakukan identifikasi dari karakteristik rekahan tersebut, karena hidrokarbon pada batuan dasar akan terkonsentrasi pada rekahan yang membuat batuan dasar tersebut memiliki porositas rekahan yang baik. Karakteristik rekahan yang akan dikji adalah tingkat intensitas rekahan, densitas rekahan dan porositas rekahan pada 2 sumur pemboran di daerah penelitian, dengan beberapa rentang kedalaman yang ditentukan. Rentang kedalaman yang berbeda akan memperlihatkan hasil yang berbeda pula. Nilai intensitas, densitas, dan porositas rekahan tidak selamanya memiliki puncak pada kedalaman yang sama, dikarenakan beberapa faktor yang mempengaruhi seperti luas rekahan dan ketebalan rekahan. Porositas rekahan akan menjadi hal yang menarik karena merupakan salah satu syarat untuk menjadi reservoir.

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    Bulletin of Geology
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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      Bulletin of Geology
      Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Simon Mooney; Jean O'Dwyer; Paul Hynds;

    The mechanisms of private-well groundwater contamination are uniquely complex, necessitating a multisector communicative approach to risk management, premised on behaviour promotion. In countries such as the Republic of Ireland (ROI), characterised by oftentimes high groundwater contamination risk and concurrently limited user awareness, incorporation of multidisciplinary, ‘expert-based’ knowledge may facilitate design of evidence-based, practical interventions. Expert interviews represent an efficient form of expert consultation, enabling ease of access to niche information and comparison of procedure, but remain under-utilised within the groundwater management literature. In response, the current study elicited opinion from 50 experts across four broad categories (communications, engineering/science, policy, and risk assessment) via a mixed-methods interview study. Semi-structured qualitative interviews were undertaken with experts from the ROI (n = 25) and European/North American countries (n = 25) and examined using thematic (qualitative) and bivariate statistical (quantitative) analyses. Experts noted financial cost, knowledge and social norms as primary barriers to adopting private-groundwater and other health risk-prevention behaviours. Lack of organisational knowledge as a communication barrier was significantly related to expert category (p = 0.034) and highlighted by a majority of communications experts (95%) compared to policy (75%), risk assessment (67%) and engineering/science (50%) experts. The most frequently suggested communication activities comprised events (24%), radio segments (22%), workshops (24%) and community meetings (30%), allied with family-oriented, discursive approaches to information delivery. Study findings may be used by both national (Irish) and international stakeholders in myriad hydrogeological contexts to develop educational outreach strategies and contribute to the existing groundwater-management-knowledge base.

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    Arrow@TU Dublin
    Article . 2020
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    Hydrogeology Journal
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    Hydrogeology Journal
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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      Hydrogeology Journal
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    Authors: Schnabel, Uta; Balazinski, Martina; Wagner, Robert; Stachowiak, Jörg; +4 Authors

    The microbiological profiles and responses of native microflora of endive were investigated using a model process line, to establish where a defined PFW should be optimally applied to retain or improve produce microbiological quality. The PFW processes were compared with tap water and ClO2. The antimicrobial efficacy of PFW was quantified by determining the reduction in microbial load, the microbial viability and vitality. Depending on the stage of application of PFW, up to 5 log10-cycles reduction was achieved, accompanied by a reduction of metabolic activity, but not necessarily with a decrease in metabolic vitality. Multiple application (3-step-PFW-application) was more effective than single application (1-step-PFW-application) and PFW showed stronger antimicrobial effect in pre-cleaned endive. High concentrations of nitrite (315 mg l−1) and nitrate (472 mg l−1) in PFW were the main factors for the antimicrobial efficacy of PFW against bacteria. Furthermore, H2O2 and an acidic pH supported the mechanism of action against the endive microflora. These results identify the pathway to scale up successful industrial application of PFW targeting microbiological quality and safety of fresh leafy products. Industrial relevance: The safety, quality and shelf life of freshly cut vegetables, e.g. lettuce, are strongly influenced by the microbial load. In addition, the hygienic design of production line, and a good handling/ production practice are indispensable. This study shows that the application of PFW, as a promising non-thermal sanitation technology, enables the inactivation of native microbial contamination on fresh-cut endive depending on the process stage of application. It further describes the impact of PFW on the metabolic activity and metabolic vitality of the lettuce-associated microflora. For higher acceptance, the mechanism of action of PFW was assumed based on previous chemical analyses and compared to the industrial standard of ClO2. The results contribute to the understanding and product-specificity of PFW-induced effects on safety, quality and shelf life of fresh cut lettuce and could be a basis for a possible industrial implementation and complement of common technologies. Federal Ministry for Food and Agriculture (BMEL) of Germany Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine Science Foundation Ireland -- replace default Federal Office for Agriculture and Food

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    Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies
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    Arrow@TU Dublin
    Article . 2021
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    https://doi.org/10.34657/7174...
    Article . 2021
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      https://doi.org/10.34657/7174...
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  • Authors: Liam Brennan; Philip Owende;

    Continued reliance on fossil fuel reserves as the primary energy resource is increasingly becoming unsustainable, owing to the need for: minimal exposure to the associate price volatility, reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by energy conservation, and deployment of cleaner and locally produced energy feedstock (including recovery from waste). Based on current knowledge and technology projections, third-generation biofuels (low input-high yielding feedstock) specifically derived from microalgae are considered to be viable alternative energy resource. They are devoid of the major drawbacks associated with first-generation biofuels (mainly terrestrial crops, e.g. sugarcane, sugar beet, maize and rapeseed) and second-generation biofuels (derived from lignocellulosic energy crops and agricultural and forest biomass residues). This chapter focuses on technologies underpinning microalgae-to-biofuels production systems, and evaluates the scale-up and commercial potential of biofuel production, including benchmarking of fuel standards. It articulates the importance of integrating biofuels production with the production of high-value biomass fractions in a biorefinery concept. It also addresses sustainability of resource deployment through the synergistic coupling of microalgae propagation techniques with CO2 sequestration and bioremediation of wastewater treatment potential for mitigation of environmental impacts associated with energy conversion and utilisation.

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    Authors: Boles, Sam; Pušnik, Igor; Mac Lochlainn, Dubhaltach; Fleming, David; +2 Authors

    Abstract Industrial use of Radiation Thermometers (RTs) is becoming increasingly common due to the perceived advantages and wide market availability. Blackbody Cavity Radiation Sources (BCRSs) are typically used for calibration of these instruments, and these cavities are oriented horizontally in most cases. For BCRSs based in thermal baths, this necessitates the use of custom-built baths with side openings. This paper presents a unique design of vertical bath-based BCRS that may be immersed in conventional calibration baths without modifications to the baths. The method, results, and analysis of an international comparison comparing this vertical BCRS, standard horizontal BCRSs, and a previous iteration of the vertical design of BCRS are also presented. The comparison was conducted through collaboration between the Laboratory of Metrology and Quality, Slovenia (LMK) and the National Standards Authority Ireland (NSAI), with the intention of evaluating the suitability of the vertical orientation for calibration work. Transfer pyrometers and Standard Platinum Resistance Thermometers (SPRTs) were used as comparison standards. The transfer pyrometers used have spectral sensitivity from 8 μm to 14 μm in this temperature range. It was found that the vertical orientation was comparable to within 0.25 °C throughout the range to standard horizontal cavities. It was concluded that a vertical configuration is an economical alternative for calibration of RTs within the range assessed.

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    Arrow@TU Dublin
    Article . 2017
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    Measurement
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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      Article . 2017
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      Measurement
      Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Sharma, Virender K.; Triantis, Theodoros M.; Antoniou, Maria G.; He, Xuexiang; +8 Authors

    Abstract Cyanobacteria blooms pose an environmental hazard because of the release of water soluble toxic compounds, called cyanotoxins. Microcystins (MCs), hepatotoxic cyclic peptide toxins, are the most widespread cyanotoxins with microcystin-LR (MC-LR) the most common and toxic variant. Health effects of MCs have resulted in the need of using efficient treatment methods for the removal of this class of toxins in water supplies. While physical treatment methods can remove MCs at full or some extent from contaminated water, their function is primary separation of the whole toxins as intact molecules and further processing is required. On the other hand, chemical oxidation processes are a promising alternative treatment option due to the potential of complete destruction of the MCs, transformation to less toxic by-products, and even complete mineralization. MCs reactivity towards different conventional oxidants is strongly affected by water quality parameters like pH, DOC and oxidant dose. Although there is a general trend for MCs oxidation (ozone > permanganate > chlorine >>> chlorine-based oxidants), the selection of the appropriate oxidant for toxin elimination during water treatment should be assessed for each particular source of water. Although advanced oxidation processes are generally more effective on MCs degradation than conventional oxidation processes, scale-up studies are needed before these methods are considered as economically-feasible and practical sustainable alternatives in water treatment facilities. In this review, recent literature concerning treatment of MCs in water by conventional and advanced oxidation processes are reviewed and discussed in terms of the degree of degradation, reaction kinetics, identity and toxicity of oxidation by-products and possible degradation pathways.

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    Ktisis
    Article . 2012
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    Separation and Purification Technology
    Other literature type . Article . 2012 . Peer-reviewed
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      Separation and Purification Technology
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    Authors: Tayyaba BiBi; Taj Muhammad Khan;

    A large volume of antibiotics is used in fish farms to treat diseases because the farmed fish are fully affected by diseases and parasites in the aquaculture and particularly in the ocean environment where disease pathogens multiply quickly. The frequent use of these antibiotics in aquaculture has resulted in animal; stress, infection, and their dissemination in the form of antibiotic resistant genes to other bacteria including human and animal pathogens. The problems arising with antibiotics can be overcome by using silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) due to their physiochemical properties and low toxicity. So AgNPs could be combined with antibiotics to induce infections in fish cell lines and to protect dissemination of antibiotics in the form of antibiotics resistant genes. We expose AgNPs on fish cell lines as a new nano-antibacterial agent to investigate and obtain findings in terms of the cell viability and toxicity. The experimental data is analyzed to examine the antibacterial effects of nanosilver as a replacement agent and discuss the complex scenario, drawbacks, techniques, methods, main mechanisms, and procedures to perform antibacterial tests of exposed AgNPs. There would be an attempt to deal with the AgNPs antibacterial therapies for the fish cell lines.

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    Toxicology Research and Application
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    Toxicology Research and Application
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      Toxicology Research and Application
      Article
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      Toxicology Research and Application
      Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Abhijnan Bhat; Tony O Hara; Furong Tian; Baljit Singh;

    Arsenic occurs in the natural environment in four oxidation states: As(V), As(III), As(0) and As(−III). The behavior of arsenic species changes depending on the biotic or abiotic conditions in water. In groundwater, arsenic is predominantly present as As(III) and As(V), with a minor amount of methyl and dimethyl arsenic compounds being reported. Global intake of As(III) and As(V) via drinking water and food has dramatically increased in recent years. The commonly used term inorganic arsenic includes both As(III) and As(V) species and constitutes the highest toxicological risk associated with arsenic in water compared to the organic arsenic species. Inorganic arsenic is a confirmed carcinogen and the World Health Organization (WHO) has published a guideline value for arsenic in their ‘Guidelines for drinking water quality’ and is on the WHO list of 10 chemicals of major public health concern. Presently, approximately, 230 million people worldwide are affected by arsenic toxicity. Chronic arsenic toxicity affects multiple physiological systems and can cause serious health issues (e.g. arsenicosis, cancer etc.) leading to death. To combat arsenic pollution, the WHO and United States Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA) have set concentration limits for arsenic in drinking water. The WHO, US-EPA and European Union (EU) have set the maximum limit of arsenic in drinking water at 10 ppb. To meet the required limit, it is essential that rapid, reliable, sensitive and cost-effective analytical detection systems be developed and put into use. Different determination methods of inorganic arsenic have been developed over the last 5–6 decades. This review provides an overview of around 170 research articles and relevant literature, mainly regarding the existing methods for analysis of As(III) and As(V) in water. Chromatographic, spectroscopic, colorimetric, biological (whole cell biosensors (WCB) and aptasensors), electroanalytical and coupled techniques are discussed. For those who are at the early stage of their research career in this field, the basic introduction and necessary concepts for various techniques is discussed followed by an evaluation of their performance towards arsenic determination. Current challenges as well as potential avenues for future research, including the demands for enhanced analytical performance, rapid analysis and on-site technologies for remote water analysis and environmental applications are discussed. We believe that this review will be beneficial, a source of information, and enhance awareness and appreciation of the role of these advanced analytical techniques in informing and protecting our environment and water resources, globally. Environmental signicance Global intake of arsenic via drinking water is a major environmental concern: As(III)/As(V) species constitutes the highest toxicological-risk. To combat arsenic pollution and associated toxicity, WHO and EPA have regulations, guidelines and introduced directives for arsenic concentration limits in drinking water. The existing laboratory-based methods are suitable for arsenic analysis but are time-consuming, expensive and require skilled analysts and extensive sample preparation. Rapid, cost-effective and reliable portable techniques and on-site sensor-based methods are the emerging needs. This review provides an overview of various analytical techniques for arsenic detection and determination in water, and will enhance awareness of their role in informing and protecting our environment and water resources, globally. 1. Introduction Water covers more than 70% of our planet's surface. Because life on Earth began in water, it is not surprising that all living organisms on our blue planet require water. Water is in fact the most valuable environmental natural resource, vital to global need, a transport corridor and a climate regulator. Global intake a MiCRA Biodiagnostics Technology Gateway, Technological University Dublin (TU Dublin), Dublin 24, D24 FKT9, Ireland. E-mail: Baljit.Singh@tudublin.ie; Tel: +353 1 220 7863 b Centre of Applied Science for Health, Technological University Dublin (TU Dublin), Dublin 24, D24 FKT9, Ireland c School of Food Science & Environmental Health, Technological University Dublin (TU Dublin), Grangegorman, Dublin 7, D07 H6K8, Ireland d Pesticide Registration Division, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston Laboratory Campus, Celbridge, County Kildare W23 VW2C, Ireland Cite this: Environ. Sci.: Adv., 2023, 2, 171 Received 8th September 2022 Accepted 4th November 2022 DOI: 10.1039/d2va00218c rsc.li/esadvances © 2023 The Author(s). Published by the Royal Society of Chemistry Environ. Sci.: Adv., 2023, 2, 171–195 | 171 Environmental Science Advances TUTORIAL REVIEW Open Access Article. Published on 07 November 2022. Downloaded on 3/1/2023 9:48:16 AM. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported Licence. View Article Online.

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    Environmental Science Advances
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Arrow@TU Dublin
    Article . 2022
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      Environmental Science Advances
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Arrow@TU Dublin
      Article . 2022
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    Authors: Evanthia Tsoukou; Paula Bourke; Daniela Boehm;

    In the field of new decontaminants, there is an increasing consensus that improved disinfection of environmental surfaces is needed in patient care facilities as an important component in the overall strategy for prevention of HAI. The interaction of cold atmospheric plasma, i.e. an ionized gas, with liquids results in complex physical and chemical processes, which offer a source of short-lived and long-lived reactive chemical species that are critical for microbial inactivation. These solutions may fulfil the urgent need for new decontaminant solutions for special purposes such as disinfection of surfaces, or use as an antiseptic for body surfaces. In this study, we explored the bactericidal effects of plasma activated liquids (PALs) on E.coli and S. aureus strains and investigated factors which influence PALs stability over time. Liquids of interest were non-complex solutions such as water and saline. An atmospheric cold plasma system using air was employed for the generation of PALs. The solutions were compared with respect to their content of long-lived reactive chemical species and bactericidal effects. Our results documented that PALs may carry different concentrations of chemical species and maintain diverse antimicrobial properties. The bactericidal activity of these solutions demonstrated high thermal stability and could be preserved over a 6 month period through specific sub-ambient storage conditions. Investigation of the inactivation processes in relation to the PALs’ chemical composition will enhance our knowledge on how prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells respond to these, and demonstrate how PALs could be a promising treatment method for future applications, with chemical and antimicrobial stability.

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    Access Microbiology
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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      Access Microbiology
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    Authors: N.N. Misra; S.K. Pankaj; Tony Walsh; Finbarr O’Regan; +2 Authors

    In-package nonthermal plasma (NTP) technology is a novel technology for the decontamination of foods and biological materials. This study presents the first report on the potential of the technology for the degradation of pesticide residues on fresh produce. A cocktail of pesticides, namely azoxystrobin, cyprodinil, fludioxonil and pyriproxyfen was tested on strawberries. The concentrations of these pesticides were monitored in priori and post-plasma treatment using GC-MS/MS. An applied voltage and time dependent degradation of the pesticides was observed for treatment voltages of 60, 70 and 80 kV and treatment durations ranging from 1 to 5 min, followed by 24h in-pack storage. The electrical characterisation revealed the operation of the discharge in a stable filamentary regime. The discharge was found to generate reactive oxygen and excited nitrogen species as observed by optical emission spectroscopy.

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    Arrow@TU Dublin
    Article . 2014
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    Journal of Hazardous Materials
    Article . 2014 . Peer-reviewed
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      Arrow@TU Dublin
      Article . 2014
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      Journal of Hazardous Materials
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    Authors: Kiddy N. Aulia; Fakultas Ilmu dan Teknologi Kebumian-Institut Teknologi Bandung; Benyamin Sapiie;

    Cekungan Sumatra Selatan merupakan cekungan yang memiliki batuan dasar terekahkan penghasil gas yang cukup berhasil. Batuan dasar di Blok Jabung Sub-Cekungan Jambi memiliki potensi untuk menjadi reservoir pada batuan dasar terekahkan. Saat mengidentifikasi reservoir batuan dasar terekahkan, harus dilakukan identifikasi dari karakteristik rekahan tersebut, karena hidrokarbon pada batuan dasar akan terkonsentrasi pada rekahan yang membuat batuan dasar tersebut memiliki porositas rekahan yang baik. Karakteristik rekahan yang akan dikji adalah tingkat intensitas rekahan, densitas rekahan dan porositas rekahan pada 2 sumur pemboran di daerah penelitian, dengan beberapa rentang kedalaman yang ditentukan. Rentang kedalaman yang berbeda akan memperlihatkan hasil yang berbeda pula. Nilai intensitas, densitas, dan porositas rekahan tidak selamanya memiliki puncak pada kedalaman yang sama, dikarenakan beberapa faktor yang mempengaruhi seperti luas rekahan dan ketebalan rekahan. Porositas rekahan akan menjadi hal yang menarik karena merupakan salah satu syarat untuk menjadi reservoir.

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    Bulletin of Geology
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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      Bulletin of Geology
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    Authors: Simon Mooney; Jean O'Dwyer; Paul Hynds;

    The mechanisms of private-well groundwater contamination are uniquely complex, necessitating a multisector communicative approach to risk management, premised on behaviour promotion. In countries such as the Republic of Ireland (ROI), characterised by oftentimes high groundwater contamination risk and concurrently limited user awareness, incorporation of multidisciplinary, ‘expert-based’ knowledge may facilitate design of evidence-based, practical interventions. Expert interviews represent an efficient form of expert consultation, enabling ease of access to niche information and comparison of procedure, but remain under-utilised within the groundwater management literature. In response, the current study elicited opinion from 50 experts across four broad categories (communications, engineering/science, policy, and risk assessment) via a mixed-methods interview study. Semi-structured qualitative interviews were undertaken with experts from the ROI (n = 25) and European/North American countries (n = 25) and examined using thematic (qualitative) and bivariate statistical (quantitative) analyses. Experts noted financial cost, knowledge and social norms as primary barriers to adopting private-groundwater and other health risk-prevention behaviours. Lack of organisational knowledge as a communication barrier was significantly related to expert category (p = 0.034) and highlighted by a majority of communications experts (95%) compared to policy (75%), risk assessment (67%) and engineering/science (50%) experts. The most frequently suggested communication activities comprised events (24%), radio segments (22%), workshops (24%) and community meetings (30%), allied with family-oriented, discursive approaches to information delivery. Study findings may be used by both national (Irish) and international stakeholders in myriad hydrogeological contexts to develop educational outreach strategies and contribute to the existing groundwater-management-knowledge base.

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    Arrow@TU Dublin
    Article . 2020
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    Hydrogeology Journal
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    Hydrogeology Journal
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Schnabel, Uta; Balazinski, Martina; Wagner, Robert; Stachowiak, Jörg; +4 Authors

    The microbiological profiles and responses of native microflora of endive were investigated using a model process line, to establish where a defined PFW should be optimally applied to retain or improve produce microbiological quality. The PFW processes were compared with tap water and ClO2. The antimicrobial efficacy of PFW was quantified by determining the reduction in microbial load, the microbial viability and vitality. Depending on the stage of application of PFW, up to 5 log10-cycles reduction was achieved, accompanied by a reduction of metabolic activity, but not necessarily with a decrease in metabolic vitality. Multiple application (3-step-PFW-application) was more effective than single application (1-step-PFW-application) and PFW showed stronger antimicrobial effect in pre-cleaned endive. High concentrations of nitrite (315 mg l−1) and nitrate (472 mg l−1) in PFW were the main factors for the antimicrobial efficacy of PFW against bacteria. Furthermore, H2O2 and an acidic pH supported the mechanism of action against the endive microflora. These results identify the pathway to scale up successful industrial application of PFW targeting microbiological quality and safety of fresh leafy products. Industrial relevance: The safety, quality and shelf life of freshly cut vegetables, e.g. lettuce, are strongly influenced by the microbial load. In addition, the hygienic design of production line, and a good handling/ production practice are indispensable. This study shows that the application of PFW, as a promising non-thermal sanitation technology, enables the inactivation of native microbial contamination on fresh-cut endive depending on the process stage of application. It further describes the impact of PFW on the metabolic activity and metabolic vitality of the lettuce-associated microflora. For higher acceptance, the mechanism of action of PFW was assumed based on previous chemical analyses and compared to the industrial standard of ClO2. The results contribute to the understanding and product-specificity of PFW-induced effects on safety, quality and shelf life of fresh cut lettuce and could be a basis for a possible industrial implementation and complement of common technologies. Federal Ministry for Food and Agriculture (BMEL) of Germany Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine Science Foundation Ireland -- replace default Federal Office for Agriculture and Food

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    Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    Arrow@TU Dublin
    Article . 2021
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    https://doi.org/10.34657/7174...
    Article . 2021
    License: CC BY NC ND
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      Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies
      Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      Arrow@TU Dublin
      Article . 2021
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      https://doi.org/10.34657/7174...
      Article . 2021
      License: CC BY NC ND
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  • Authors: Liam Brennan; Philip Owende;

    Continued reliance on fossil fuel reserves as the primary energy resource is increasingly becoming unsustainable, owing to the need for: minimal exposure to the associate price volatility, reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by energy conservation, and deployment of cleaner and locally produced energy feedstock (including recovery from waste). Based on current knowledge and technology projections, third-generation biofuels (low input-high yielding feedstock) specifically derived from microalgae are considered to be viable alternative energy resource. They are devoid of the major drawbacks associated with first-generation biofuels (mainly terrestrial crops, e.g. sugarcane, sugar beet, maize and rapeseed) and second-generation biofuels (derived from lignocellulosic energy crops and agricultural and forest biomass residues). This chapter focuses on technologies underpinning microalgae-to-biofuels production systems, and evaluates the scale-up and commercial potential of biofuel production, including benchmarking of fuel standards. It articulates the importance of integrating biofuels production with the production of high-value biomass fractions in a biorefinery concept. It also addresses sustainability of resource deployment through the synergistic coupling of microalgae propagation techniques with CO2 sequestration and bioremediation of wastewater treatment potential for mitigation of environmental impacts associated with energy conversion and utilisation.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Boles, Sam; Pušnik, Igor; Mac Lochlainn, Dubhaltach; Fleming, David; +2 Authors

    Abstract Industrial use of Radiation Thermometers (RTs) is becoming increasingly common due to the perceived advantages and wide market availability. Blackbody Cavity Radiation Sources (BCRSs) are typically used for calibration of these instruments, and these cavities are oriented horizontally in most cases. For BCRSs based in thermal baths, this necessitates the use of custom-built baths with side openings. This paper presents a unique design of vertical bath-based BCRS that may be immersed in conventional calibration baths without modifications to the baths. The method, results, and analysis of an international comparison comparing this vertical BCRS, standard horizontal BCRSs, and a previous iteration of the vertical design of BCRS are also presented. The comparison was conducted through collaboration between the Laboratory of Metrology and Quality, Slovenia (LMK) and the National Standards Authority Ireland (NSAI), with the intention of evaluating the suitability of the vertical orientation for calibration work. Transfer pyrometers and Standard Platinum Resistance Thermometers (SPRTs) were used as comparison standards. The transfer pyrometers used have spectral sensitivity from 8 μm to 14 μm in this temperature range. It was found that the vertical orientation was comparable to within 0.25 °C throughout the range to standard horizontal cavities. It was concluded that a vertical configuration is an economical alternative for calibration of RTs within the range assessed.

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    Arrow@TU Dublin
    Article . 2017
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    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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      Article . 2017
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      Measurement
      Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Sharma, Virender K.; Triantis, Theodoros M.; Antoniou, Maria G.; He, Xuexiang; +8 Authors

    Abstract Cyanobacteria blooms pose an environmental hazard because of the release of water soluble toxic compounds, called cyanotoxins. Microcystins (MCs), hepatotoxic cyclic peptide toxins, are the most widespread cyanotoxins with microcystin-LR (MC-LR) the most common and toxic variant. Health effects of MCs have resulted in the need of using efficient treatment methods for the removal of this class of toxins in water supplies. While physical treatment methods can remove MCs at full or some extent from contaminated water, their function is primary separation of the whole toxins as intact molecules and further processing is required. On the other hand, chemical oxidation processes are a promising alternative treatment option due to the potential of complete destruction of the MCs, transformation to less toxic by-products, and even complete mineralization. MCs reactivity towards different conventional oxidants is strongly affected by water quality parameters like pH, DOC and oxidant dose. Although there is a general trend for MCs oxidation (ozone > permanganate > chlorine >>> chlorine-based oxidants), the selection of the appropriate oxidant for toxin elimination during water treatment should be assessed for each particular source of water. Although advanced oxidation processes are generally more effective on MCs degradation than conventional oxidation processes, scale-up studies are needed before these methods are considered as economically-feasible and practical sustainable alternatives in water treatment facilities. In this review, recent literature concerning treatment of MCs in water by conventional and advanced oxidation processes are reviewed and discussed in terms of the degree of degradation, reaction kinetics, identity and toxicity of oxidation by-products and possible degradation pathways.

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    Article . 2012
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    Separation and Purification Technology
    Other literature type . Article . 2012 . Peer-reviewed
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      Article . 2012
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      Separation and Purification Technology
      Other literature type . Article . 2012 . Peer-reviewed
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